1 00:00:05,433 --> 00:00:20,600 [APPLAUSE] >> Mark: HEY, EVERYONE! 2 00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:22,800 IT'S GREAT TO BE HERE AT GEORGETOWN WITH ALL OF YOU 3 00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:23,000 TODAY. 4 00:00:23,000 --> 00:00:30,000 BEFORE WE GET STARTED, I JUST WANT TO TAKE A MOMENT TO 5 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:34,200 ACKNOWLEDGE THAT TODAY, WE LOST AN ICON. 6 00:00:34,200 --> 00:00:36,800 ELIJAH CUMMINGS. 7 00:00:36,800 --> 00:00:42,633 HE WAS A POWERFUL VOICE FOR EQUALITY AND FOR SOCIAL PROGRESS 8 00:00:42,633 --> 00:00:49,800 AND FOR BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER. 9 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:55,166 WHEN I WAS IN COLLEGE, OUR COUNTRY HAD JUST GONE TO WAR IN 10 00:00:55,166 --> 00:00:57,633 IRAQ. 11 00:00:57,633 --> 00:01:02,967 THE MOOD ON CAMPUS WAS DISBELIEF. 12 00:01:02,967 --> 00:01:05,800 IT FELT LIKE WE WERE ACTING WITHOUT HEARING A LOT OF 13 00:01:05,800 --> 00:01:08,333 IMPORTANT PERSPECTIVES. 14 00:01:08,333 --> 00:01:12,433 THE TOLL ON SOLDIERS, FAMILIES, AND OUR NATIONAL PSYCHE WAS 15 00:01:12,433 --> 00:01:18,433 SEVERE, AND MOST OF US FELT POWERLESS TO STOP IT. 16 00:01:18,433 --> 00:01:21,867 I REMEMBER FEELING THAT IF MORE PEOPLE HAD A VOICE TO SHARE 17 00:01:21,867 --> 00:01:28,433 THEIR EXPERIENCES, MAYBE THINGS WOULD HAVE GONE DIFFERENTLY. 18 00:01:28,433 --> 00:01:32,667 THOSE EARLY YEARS SHAPED MY BELIEF THAT GIVING EVERYONE A 19 00:01:32,667 --> 00:01:37,734 VOICE EMPOWERS THE POWERLESS AND PUSHES SOCIETY TO BE BETTER OVER 20 00:01:37,734 --> 00:01:40,400 TIME. 21 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:42,967 BACK THEN, I WAS BUILDING AN EARLY VERSION OF FACEBOOK FOR MY 22 00:01:42,967 --> 00:01:49,266 COMMUNITY, AND I GOT TO SEE MY BELIEFS PLAY OUT AT SMALLER 23 00:01:49,266 --> 00:01:51,266 SCALE. 24 00:01:51,266 --> 00:01:53,567 WHEN STUDENTS GOT TO EXPRESS WHO THEY WERE AND WHAT MATTERED TO 25 00:01:53,567 --> 00:02:00,100 THEM, THEY ORGANIZED MORE SOCIAL EVENTS, STARTED MORE BUSINESSES, 26 00:02:00,100 --> 00:02:01,400 AND EVEN CHALLENGED SOME ESTABLISHED WAYS OF DOING THINGS 27 00:02:01,400 --> 00:02:03,700 ON CAMPUS. 28 00:02:03,700 --> 00:02:08,367 IT TAUGHT ME THAT WHILE THE WORLD'S ATTENTION FOCUSES ON 29 00:02:08,367 --> 00:02:12,333 MAJOR EVENTS AND INSTITUTIONS, THE BIGGER STORY IS THAT MOST 30 00:02:12,333 --> 00:02:17,934 PROGRESS IN OUR LIVES COMES FROM REGULAR PEOPLE HAVING MORE OF A 31 00:02:17,934 --> 00:02:19,900 VOICE. 32 00:02:19,900 --> 00:02:23,667 SINCE THEN, I'VE FOCUSED ON BUILDING SERVICES TO DO TWO 33 00:02:23,667 --> 00:02:30,166 THINGS: GIVE PEOPLE VOICE, AND BRING PEOPLE TOGETHER. 34 00:02:30,166 --> 00:02:34,433 THESE TWO SIMPLE IDEAS -- VOICE AND INCLUSION -- GO HAND IN 35 00:02:34,433 --> 00:02:36,433 HAND. 36 00:02:36,433 --> 00:02:38,834 WE'VE SEEN THIS THROUGHOUT HISTORY, EVEN IF IT DOESN'T FEEL 37 00:02:38,834 --> 00:02:42,066 THAT WAY TODAY. 38 00:02:42,066 --> 00:02:46,100 MORE PEOPLE BEING ABLE TO SHARE THEIR PERSPECTIVES HAS ALWAYS 39 00:02:46,100 --> 00:02:50,867 BEEN NECESSARY TO BUILD A MORE INCLUSIVE SOCIETY. 40 00:02:50,867 --> 00:02:54,467 AND OUR MUTUAL COMMITMENT TO EACH OTHER -- THAT WE HOLD EACH 41 00:02:54,467 --> 00:02:58,533 OTHERS' RIGHT TO EXPRESS OUR VIEWS AND BE HEARD ABOVE OUR OWN 42 00:02:58,533 --> 00:03:02,433 DESIRE TO ALWAYS GET THE OUTCOMES WE WANT IS HOW WE 43 00:03:02,433 --> 00:03:05,100 MAKE PROGRESS TOGETHER. 44 00:03:05,100 --> 00:03:09,533 BUT THIS VIEW IS INCREASINGLY BEING CHALLENGED. 45 00:03:09,533 --> 00:03:12,000 SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE GIVING MORE PEOPLE A VOICE IS DRIVING 46 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:15,734 DIVISION RATHER THAN BRINGING US TOGETHER. 47 00:03:15,734 --> 00:03:18,834 MORE PEOPLE ACROSS THE SPECTRUM BELIEVE THAT ACHIEVING THE 48 00:03:18,834 --> 00:03:22,467 POLITICAL OUTCOMES THEY THINK MATTER IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN 49 00:03:22,467 --> 00:03:27,500 EVERY PERSON HAVING A VOICE. 50 00:03:27,500 --> 00:03:29,900 I THINK THAT'S DANGEROUS. 51 00:03:29,900 --> 00:03:35,834 TODAY, I WANT TO TALK ABOUT WHY AND SOME IMPORTANT CHOICES WE 52 00:03:35,834 --> 00:03:40,567 FACE AROUND FREE EXPRESSION. 53 00:03:40,567 --> 00:03:44,934 THROUGHOUT HISTORY, WE'VE SEEN HOW BEING ABLE TO USE YOUR VOICE 54 00:03:44,934 --> 00:03:48,900 HELPS PEOPLE COME TOGETHER. 55 00:03:48,900 --> 00:03:50,967 WE'VE SEEN THIS IN THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. 56 00:03:50,967 --> 00:03:53,867 FREDERICK DOUGLASS ONCE CALLED FREE EXPRESSION "THE GREAT MORAL 57 00:03:53,867 --> 00:03:57,734 RENOVATOR OF SOCIETY." 58 00:03:57,734 --> 00:04:03,500 HE SAID "SLAVERY CANNOT TOLERATE FREE SPEECH." 59 00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:06,633 CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS ARGUED TIME AND AGAIN THAT THEIR PROTESTS 60 00:04:06,633 --> 00:04:09,600 WERE PROTECTED FREE EXPRESSION, AND ONE NOTED, "NEARLY ALL THE 61 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:12,033 CASES INVOLVING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 62 00:04:12,033 --> 00:04:16,367 WERE DECIDED ON FIRST AMENDMENT GROUNDS." 63 00:04:16,367 --> 00:04:18,967 WE'VE SEEN THIS GLOBALLY TOO, WHERE THE ABILITY TO SPEAK 64 00:04:18,967 --> 00:04:23,533 FREELY HAS BEEN CENTRAL IN THE FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACY WORLDWIDE. 65 00:04:23,533 --> 00:04:25,867 THE MOST REPRESSIVE SOCIETIES HAVE ALWAYS RESTRICTED SPEECH 66 00:04:25,867 --> 00:04:27,033 THE MOST. 67 00:04:27,033 --> 00:04:29,000 AND WHEN PEOPLE ARE FINALLY ABLE TO SPEAK, 68 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:32,400 THEY OFTEN CALL FOR CHANGE. 69 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:35,100 THIS YEAR ALONE, PEOPLE HAVE USED THEIR VOICES TO END 70 00:04:35,100 --> 00:04:38,533 MULTIPLE LONG-RUNNING DICTATORSHIPS IN AFRICA. 71 00:04:38,533 --> 00:04:42,667 AND WE'RE ALREADY HEARING FROM VOICES IN THOSE COUNTRIES THAT 72 00:04:42,667 --> 00:04:46,033 HAD BEEN EXCLUDED JUST BECAUSE THEY WERE WOMEN, OR THEY 73 00:04:46,033 --> 00:04:49,934 BELIEVED IN DEMOCRACY. 74 00:04:49,934 --> 00:04:52,400 OUR IDEA OF FREE EXPRESSION HAS BECOME MUCH BROADER OVER EVEN 75 00:04:52,400 --> 00:04:54,600 THE LAST 100 YEARS. 76 00:04:54,600 --> 00:04:57,934 MANY AMERICANS KNOW ABOUT THE ENLIGHTENMENT HISTORY AND HOW WE 77 00:04:57,934 --> 00:05:02,000 ENSHRINED THE FIRST AMENDMENT IN OUR CONSTITUTION, BUT FEWER KNOW 78 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:06,533 HOW DRAMATICALLY OUR CULTURAL NORMS AND LEGAL PROTECTIONS HAVE 79 00:05:06,533 --> 00:05:09,533 EXPANDED, EVEN IN RECENT HISTORY. 80 00:05:09,533 --> 00:05:13,533 THE FIRST SUPREME COURT CASE TO SERIOUSLY CONSIDER FREE SPEECH 81 00:05:13,533 --> 00:05:17,900 AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT WAS IN 1919, SCHENK VS THE 82 00:05:17,900 --> 00:05:20,033 UNITED STATES. 83 00:05:20,033 --> 00:05:23,467 BACK THEN, THE FIRST AMENDMENT ONLY APPLIED TO THE 84 00:05:23,467 --> 00:05:27,834 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, AND STATES COULD AND OFTEN DID RESTRICT 85 00:05:27,834 --> 00:05:29,934 YOUR RIGHT TO SPEAK. 86 00:05:29,934 --> 00:05:32,500 OUR ABILITY TO CALL OUT THINGS WE FELT WERE WRONG ALSO USED TO 87 00:05:32,500 --> 00:05:34,300 BE MUCH MORE RESTRICTED. 88 00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:37,500 LIBEL LAWS USED TO IMPOSE DAMAGES IF YOU WROTE SOMETHING 89 00:05:37,500 --> 00:05:42,066 NEGATIVE ABOUT SOMEONE, EVEN IF IT WAS TRUE. 90 00:05:42,066 --> 00:05:45,166 THE STANDARD LATER SHIFTED, SO IT BECAME OKAY AS LONG AS YOU 91 00:05:45,166 --> 00:05:47,800 COULD PROVE YOUR CRITIQUE WAS TRUE. 92 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:50,100 WE DIDN'T GET THE BROAD FREE SPEECH PROTECTIONS WE HAVE 93 00:05:50,100 --> 00:05:53,166 NOW UNTIL THE 1960s, WHEN THE SUPREME COURT RULED IN OPINIONS 94 00:05:53,166 --> 00:05:56,200 LIKE "NEW YORK TIMES" VS SULLIVAN THAT YOU CAN CRITICIZE 95 00:05:56,200 --> 00:05:59,967 PUBLIC FIGURES AS LONG AS YOU'RE NOT DOING SO WITH ACTUAL MALICE, 96 00:05:59,967 --> 00:06:02,600 EVEN IF WHAT YOU'RE SAYING IS FALSE. 97 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:06,500 WE NOW HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY BROADER POWER TO CALL OUT THINGS 98 00:06:06,500 --> 00:06:10,834 WE FEEL ARE UNJUST AND SHARE OUR OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCES. 99 00:06:10,834 --> 00:06:15,300 MOVEMENTS LIKE #BlackLivesMatter AND #MeToo WENT VIRAL ON 100 00:06:15,300 --> 00:06:16,734 FACEBOOK. 101 00:06:16,734 --> 00:06:19,433 THE HASHTAG #BlackLivesMatter WAS ACTUALLY FIRST USED ON 102 00:06:19,433 --> 00:06:20,600 FACEBOOK. 103 00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:24,266 AND THIS JUST WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE IN THE SAME WAY BEFORE. 104 00:06:24,266 --> 00:06:29,800 100 YEARS BACK, MANY OF THE STORIES PEOPLE HAVE SHARED WOULD 105 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:32,967 HAVE BEEN AGAINST THE LAW TO EVEN WRITE DOWN. 106 00:06:32,967 --> 00:06:36,867 AND WITHOUT THE INTERNET GIVING PEOPLE THE POWER TO SHARE THEM 107 00:06:36,867 --> 00:06:38,266 DIRECTLY, THEY CERTAINLY WOULDN'T HAVE REACHED AS MANY 108 00:06:38,266 --> 00:06:39,066 PEOPLE. 109 00:06:39,066 --> 00:06:42,567 WITH FACEBOOK, MORE THAN 2 BILLION PEOPLE NOW HAVE A 110 00:06:42,567 --> 00:06:48,000 GREATER OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES AND HELP OTHERS. 111 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:52,300 WHILE IT'S EASY TO FOCUS ON MAJOR SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, IT'S 112 00:06:52,300 --> 00:06:55,166 IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT MOST PROGRESS HAPPENS IN OUR EVERYDAY 113 00:06:55,166 --> 00:06:57,900 LIVES. 114 00:06:57,900 --> 00:07:01,934 IT'S THE AIR FORCE MOMS WHO STARTED A FACEBOOK GROUP TO GIVE 115 00:07:01,934 --> 00:07:05,200 SERVICE MEMBERS WHO CAN'T GET HOME FOR THE HOLIDAYS A PLACE TO 116 00:07:05,200 --> 00:07:07,266 GO. 117 00:07:07,266 --> 00:07:11,867 IT'S THE CHURCH GROUP THAT CAME TOGETHER DURING A HURRICANE TO 118 00:07:11,867 --> 00:07:17,467 PROVIDE FOOD AND VOLUNTEER TO HELP WITH RECOVERY. 119 00:07:17,467 --> 00:07:22,100 IT'S THE SMALL BUSINESS THAT NOW HAS ACCESS TO THE SAME TOOLS 120 00:07:22,100 --> 00:07:26,100 ONLY THE BIG GUYS USED TO, AND NOW THEY CAN GET THEIR VOICE OUT 121 00:07:26,100 --> 00:07:30,767 AND REACH MORE CUSTOMERS, CREATE JOBS, AND BECOME A HUB IN THEIR 122 00:07:30,767 --> 00:07:32,900 LOCAL COMMUNITY. 123 00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:37,233 PROGRESS AND SOCIAL COHESION COME FROM BILLIONS OF STORIES 124 00:07:37,233 --> 00:07:41,433 LIKE THIS AROUND THE WORLD. 125 00:07:41,433 --> 00:07:45,100 PEOPLE HAVING THE POWER TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES AT SCALE IS A 126 00:07:45,100 --> 00:07:49,100 NEW KIND OF FORCE IN THE WORLD -- A FIFTH ESTATE 127 00:07:49,100 --> 00:07:52,900 ALONGSIDE THE OTHER POWER STRUCTURES OF SOCIETY. 128 00:07:52,900 --> 00:07:56,066 PEOPLE NO LONGER HAVE TO RELY ON TRADITIONAL GATEKEEPERS IN 129 00:07:56,066 --> 00:07:59,533 POLITICS OR MEDIA TO MAKE THEIR VOICES HEARD, AND THAT HAS 130 00:07:59,533 --> 00:08:01,800 IMPORTANT CONSEQUENCES. 131 00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:05,533 I UNDERSTAND THE CONCERNS ABOUT HOW TECH PLATFORMS HAVE 132 00:08:05,533 --> 00:08:09,266 CENTRALIZED POWER, BUT I ACTUALLY BELIEVE THE MUCH BIGGER 133 00:08:09,266 --> 00:08:13,300 STORY IS HOW MUCH THESE PLATFORMS HAVE DECENTRALIZED 134 00:08:13,300 --> 00:08:16,300 POWER BY PUTTING IT DIRECTLY INTO PEOPLE'S HANDS. 135 00:08:16,300 --> 00:08:21,233 IT'S PART OF THIS AMAZING EXPANSION OF VOICE THROUGH LAW, 136 00:08:21,233 --> 00:08:25,433 CULTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY. 137 00:08:25,433 --> 00:08:28,266 SO GIVING PEOPLE A VOICE AND BROADER INCLUSION GO HAND IN 138 00:08:28,266 --> 00:08:33,233 HAND, AND THE TREND HAS BEEN TOWARDS GREATER VOICE OVER TIME. 139 00:08:33,233 --> 00:08:36,200 BUT THERE'S ALSO A COUNTER-TREND. 140 00:08:36,200 --> 00:08:40,767 IN TIMES OF SOCIAL TURMOIL, OUR IMPULSE IS OFTEN TO PULL BACK ON 141 00:08:40,767 --> 00:08:43,567 FREE EXPRESSION. 142 00:08:43,567 --> 00:08:47,633 WE WANT THE PROGRESS THAT COMES FROM FREE EXPRESSION, BUT NOT 143 00:08:47,633 --> 00:08:50,033 THE TENSION. 144 00:08:50,033 --> 00:08:52,633 WE SAW THIS WHEN MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. 145 00:08:52,633 --> 00:08:55,133 WROTE HIS FAMOUS LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM JAIL, WHERE HE WAS 146 00:08:55,133 --> 00:08:58,934 UNCONSTITUTIONALLY JAILED FOR PROTESTING PEACEFULLY. 147 00:08:58,934 --> 00:09:02,066 WE SAW THIS IN THE EFFORTS TO SHUT DOWN CAMPUS PROTESTS 148 00:09:02,066 --> 00:09:03,667 AGAINST THE VIETNAM WAR. 149 00:09:03,667 --> 00:09:06,233 WE SAW THIS WAY BACK WHEN AMERICA WAS DEEPLY POLARIZED 150 00:09:06,233 --> 00:09:11,200 ABOUT ITS ROLE WORLD WAR I, AND THE SUPREME COURT RULED THAT 151 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:14,000 SOCIALIST LEADER EUGENE DEBS COULD BE IMPRISONED FOR MAKING 152 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:17,033 AN ANTI-WAR SPEECH. 153 00:09:17,033 --> 00:09:21,000 IN THE END, ALL OF THESE DECISIONS WERE WRONG. 154 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:24,934 PULLING BACK ON FREE EXPRESSION WASN'T THE ANSWER AND, IN FACT, 155 00:09:24,934 --> 00:09:27,500 IT OFTEN ENDED UP HURTING THE MINORITY VIEWS WE SEEK TO 156 00:09:27,500 --> 00:09:30,200 PROTECT. 157 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:32,934 FROM WHERE WE ARE NOW, IT SEEMS OBVIOUS THAT, OF COURSE, 158 00:09:32,934 --> 00:09:37,467 PROTESTS FOR CIVIL RIGHTS OR AGAINST WARS SHOULD BE ALLOWED. 159 00:09:37,467 --> 00:09:42,433 YET THE DESIRE TO SUPPRESS THIS EXPRESSION WAS FELT DEEPLY BY 160 00:09:42,433 --> 00:09:45,233 MUCH OF SOCIETY AT THE TIME. 161 00:09:45,233 --> 00:09:50,333 TODAY, WE ARE IN ANOTHER TIME OF SOCIAL TENSION. 162 00:09:50,333 --> 00:09:53,533 WE FACE REAL ISSUES THAT WILL TAKE A LONG TIME TO 163 00:09:53,533 --> 00:09:57,333 WORK THROUGH MASSIVE ECONOMIC TRANSITIONS FROM GLOBALIZATION 164 00:09:57,333 --> 00:10:02,967 AND TECHNOLOGY, FALLOUT FROM THE 2008 FINANCIAL CRISIS, AND 165 00:10:02,967 --> 00:10:06,233 POLARIZED REACTIONS TO GREATER MIGRATION. 166 00:10:06,233 --> 00:10:13,700 NOT JUST HERE, BUT ACROSS THE E.U. AND AROUND THE WORLD. 167 00:10:13,700 --> 00:10:16,233 MANY OF OUR ISSUES FLOW FROM THESE CHANGES. 168 00:10:16,233 --> 00:10:19,033 IN THE FACE OF THESE TENSIONS, ONCE AGAIN, A POPULAR IMPULSE IS 169 00:10:19,033 --> 00:10:22,433 TO PULL BACK FROM FREE EXPRESSION. 170 00:10:22,433 --> 00:10:26,367 WE'RE AT ANOTHER CROSS-ROADS. 171 00:10:26,367 --> 00:10:28,800 WE CAN CONTINUE TO STAND FOR FREE EXPRESSION, UNDERSTANDING 172 00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:32,100 ITS MESSINESS, BUT BELIEVING THAT THE LONG JOURNEY TOWARDS 173 00:10:32,100 --> 00:10:34,667 GREATER PROGRESS REQUIRES CONFRONTING IDEAS THAT CHALLENGE 174 00:10:34,667 --> 00:10:36,734 US. 175 00:10:36,734 --> 00:10:41,867 OR WE CAN DECIDE THE COST IS SIMPLY TOO GREAT. 176 00:10:41,867 --> 00:10:45,834 I'M HERE TODAY, BECAUSE I BELIEVE WE MUST CONTINUE TO 177 00:10:45,834 --> 00:10:50,200 STAND FOR FREE EXPRESSION. 178 00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:52,367 AT THE SAME TIME, I KNOW THAT FREE EXPRESSION HAS NEVER BEEN 179 00:10:52,367 --> 00:10:54,633 ABSOLUTE. 180 00:10:54,633 --> 00:10:58,000 SOME PEOPLE ARGUE INTERNET PLATFORMS SHOULD ALLOW ALL 181 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,400 EXPRESSION PROTECTED BY THE FIRST AMENDMENT, EVEN THOUGH THE 182 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:05,700 FIRST AMENDMENT EXPLICITLY DOESN'T APPLY TO COMPANIES. 183 00:11:05,700 --> 00:11:08,233 I'M PROUD THAT OUR VALUES AT FACEBOOK ARE INSPIRED BY THE 184 00:11:08,233 --> 00:11:10,667 AMERICAN TRADITION, WHICH IS MORE SUPPORTIVE OF FREE 185 00:11:10,667 --> 00:11:13,700 EXPRESSION THAN ANYWHERE ELSE. 186 00:11:13,700 --> 00:11:16,333 BUT EVEN AMERICAN TRADITION RECOGNIZES THAT SOME SPEECH 187 00:11:16,333 --> 00:11:19,033 INFRINGES ON OTHERS' RIGHTS. 188 00:11:19,033 --> 00:11:21,500 AND STILL, A STRICT FIRST AMENDMENT STANDARD MIGHT 189 00:11:21,500 --> 00:11:25,734 REQUIRE US TO ALLOW TERRORIST PROPAGANDA, BULLYING YOUNG 190 00:11:25,734 --> 00:11:29,266 PEOPLE, AND MORE THAN ALMOST EVERYONE AGREES WE SHOULD 191 00:11:29,266 --> 00:11:33,166 STOP -- AND I CERTAINLY DO -- AS WELL AS CONTENT LIKE PORNOGRAPHY 192 00:11:33,166 --> 00:11:35,367 THAT WOULD MAKE PEOPLE UNCOMFORTABLE USING OUR 193 00:11:35,367 --> 00:11:38,133 PLATFORMS. 194 00:11:38,133 --> 00:11:42,500 SO ONCE WE'RE TAKING THIS CONTENT DOWN, THE QUESTION IS, 195 00:11:42,500 --> 00:11:45,867 WHERE DO YOU DRAW THE LINE? 196 00:11:45,867 --> 00:11:48,300 MOST PEOPLE AGREE WITH THE PRINCIPLES THAT YOU SHOULD BE 197 00:11:48,300 --> 00:11:50,834 ABLE TO SAY THINGS OTHER PEOPLE DON'T LIKE, BUT YOU SHOULDN'T BE 198 00:11:50,834 --> 00:11:55,400 ABLE TO SAY THINGS THAT PUT PEOPLE IN DANGER. 199 00:11:55,400 --> 00:11:59,934 THE SHIFT OVER THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS IS THAT MANY PEOPLE WOULD 200 00:11:59,934 --> 00:12:03,700 NOW ARGUE THAT MORE SPEECH IS DANGEROUS THAN WOULD HAVE 201 00:12:03,700 --> 00:12:06,900 BEFORE. 202 00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:09,100 THIS RAISES THE QUESTION OF, EXACTLY WHAT COUNTS AS DANGEROUS 203 00:12:09,100 --> 00:12:11,834 SPEECH ONLINE? 204 00:12:11,834 --> 00:12:17,300 IT'S WORTH EXAMINING THIS IN DETAIL. 205 00:12:17,300 --> 00:12:20,066 MANY ARGUMENTS ABOUT ONLINE SPEECH ARE RELATED TO NEW 206 00:12:20,066 --> 00:12:23,266 PROPERTIES OF THE INTERNET ITSELF. 207 00:12:23,266 --> 00:12:25,266 IF YOU BELIEVE THE INTERNET IS COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FROM 208 00:12:25,266 --> 00:12:28,100 EVERYTHING BEFORE IT, THEN IT DOESN'T MAKE SENSE TO FOCUS ON 209 00:12:28,100 --> 00:12:30,934 HISTORICAL PRECEDENT. 210 00:12:30,934 --> 00:12:36,066 BUT WE SHOULD BE CAREFUL OF OVERLY BROAD ARGUMENTS, 211 00:12:36,066 --> 00:12:40,333 SINCE THEY'VE BEEN MADE ABOUT ALMOST EVERY NEW TECHNOLOGY, 212 00:12:40,333 --> 00:12:44,333 FROM THE PRINTING PRESS, TO RADIO, TO TV. 213 00:12:44,333 --> 00:12:48,200 INSTEAD, LET'S CONSIDER THE SPECIFIC WAYS THE INTERNET IS 214 00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:51,834 DIFFERENT AND HOW INTERNET SERVICES LIKE OURS MIGHT ADDRESS 215 00:12:51,834 --> 00:12:58,200 THOSE RISKS WHILE PROTECTING FREE EXPRESSION. 216 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:01,500 ONE CLEAR DIFFERENCE IS THAT A LOT MORE PEOPLE NOW HAVE 217 00:13:01,500 --> 00:13:05,166 A VOICE -- ALMOST HALF THE WORLD. 218 00:13:05,166 --> 00:13:07,467 THAT'S DRAMATICALLY EMPOWERING FOR ALL THE REASONS I'VE 219 00:13:07,467 --> 00:13:08,533 MENTIONED. 220 00:13:08,533 --> 00:13:11,900 BUT INEVITABLY, SOME PEOPLE WILL USE THEIR VOICE TO ORGANIZE 221 00:13:11,900 --> 00:13:17,166 VIOLENCE, UNDERMINE ELECTIONS, OR HURT OTHERS, AND WE HAVE A 222 00:13:17,166 --> 00:13:20,266 RESPONSIBILITY TO ADDRESS THESE RISKS. 223 00:13:20,266 --> 00:13:22,500 WHEN YOU'RE SERVING BILLIONS OF PEOPLE, EVEN IF A VERY SMALL 224 00:13:22,500 --> 00:13:28,100 PERCENT CAUSE HARM, THAT CAN STILL BE A LOT OF HARM. 225 00:13:28,100 --> 00:13:33,066 WE BUILD SPECIFIC SYSTEMS TO ADDRESS EACH TYPE OF HARMFUL 226 00:13:33,066 --> 00:13:37,133 CONTENT, FROM INCITEMENT OF VIOLENCE, TO CHILD EXPLOITATION, 227 00:13:37,133 --> 00:13:40,333 TO OTHER HARMS LIKE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY VIOLATIONS -- ABOUT 20 228 00:13:40,333 --> 00:13:43,100 CATEGORIES IN TOTAL. 229 00:13:43,100 --> 00:13:47,767 WE JUDGE OURSELVES BY THE PREVALENCE OF HARMFUL CONTENT 230 00:13:47,767 --> 00:13:51,133 AND WHAT PERCENT WE FIND PROACTIVELY BEFORE ANYONE 231 00:13:51,133 --> 00:13:53,533 REPORTS IT TO US. 232 00:13:53,533 --> 00:13:59,266 FOR EXAMPLE, OUR AI SYSTEMS IDENTIFY 99% OF THE TERRORIST 233 00:13:59,266 --> 00:14:04,266 CONTENT WE TAKE DOWN BEFORE ANYONE EVEN SEES IT. 234 00:14:04,266 --> 00:14:08,233 THIS IS A MASSIVE INVESTMENT. 235 00:14:08,233 --> 00:14:12,967 WE NOW HAVE OVER 35,000 PEOPLE WORKING ON SECURITY, AND OUR 236 00:14:12,967 --> 00:14:17,233 SECURITY BUDGET TODAY IS GREATER THAN THE ENTIRE REVENUE OF OUR 237 00:14:17,233 --> 00:14:22,200 COMPANY AT THE TIME OF OUR IPO EARLIER THIS DECADE. 238 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,800 ALL OF THIS WORK IS ABOUT ENFORCING OUR EXISTING POLICIES, 239 00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:29,800 NOT BROADENING OUR DEFINITION OF WHAT IS DANGEROUS. 240 00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:33,967 IF WE DO THIS WELL, WE SHOULD BE ABLE TO STOP A LOT OF HARM WHILE 241 00:14:33,967 --> 00:14:37,133 FIGHTING BACK AGAINST PUTTING ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS ON 242 00:14:37,133 --> 00:14:41,600 SPEECH. 243 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:43,433 ANOTHER IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE IS HOW QUICKLY IDEAS CAN SPREAD 244 00:14:43,433 --> 00:14:45,767 ONLINE. 245 00:14:45,767 --> 00:14:47,667 MOST PEOPLE CAN NOW GET MUCH MORE REACH THAN THEY EVER COULD 246 00:14:47,667 --> 00:14:48,867 BEFORE. 247 00:14:48,867 --> 00:14:50,867 THIS IS AT THE HEART OF A LOT OF THE POSITIVE USES OF THE 248 00:14:50,867 --> 00:14:52,633 INTERNET. 249 00:14:52,633 --> 00:14:56,500 IT'S EMPOWERING THAT ANYONE CAN START A FUNDRAISER, SHARE AN 250 00:14:56,500 --> 00:14:59,300 IDEA, BUILD A BUSINESS, OR CREATE A MOVEMENT THAT CAN GROW 251 00:14:59,300 --> 00:15:01,367 QUICKLY. 252 00:15:01,367 --> 00:15:05,700 BUT WE'VE SEEN THIS GO THE OTHER WAY, TOO -- MOST NOTABLY WHEN 253 00:15:05,700 --> 00:15:11,000 RUSSIA'S IRA TRIED TO INTERFERE IN THE 2016 ELECTIONS, BUT ALSO 254 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:16,066 WHEN MISINFORMATION HAS GONE VIRAL. 255 00:15:16,066 --> 00:15:20,166 SOME PEOPLE ARGUE THAT VIRALITY ITSELF IS DANGEROUS, AND WE NEED 256 00:15:20,166 --> 00:15:26,200 TIGHTER FILTERS ON WHAT CONTENT CAN SPREAD QUICKLY. 257 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:29,734 FOR MISINFORMATION, WE FOCUS ON MAKING SURE COMPLETE HOAXES 258 00:15:29,734 --> 00:15:30,967 DON'T GO VIRAL. 259 00:15:30,967 --> 00:15:33,533 WE ESPECIALLY FOCUS ON MISINFORMATION THAT COULD LEAD 260 00:15:33,533 --> 00:15:36,700 TO IMMINENT PHYSICAL HARM, LIKE MISLEADING HEALTH ADVICE SAYING 261 00:15:36,700 --> 00:15:38,700 "IF YOU'RE HAVING A STROKE, NO NEED TO GO TO THE HOSPITAL." 262 00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:43,467 JUST PRICK YOUR FINGER, AND YOU'LL BE FINE. 263 00:15:43,467 --> 00:15:44,767 THAT'S DANGEROUS. 264 00:15:44,767 --> 00:15:47,834 WE NEED TO ADDRESS THAT. 265 00:15:47,834 --> 00:15:50,533 MORE BROADLY THOUGH, WE'VE FOUND A DIFFERENT STRATEGY WORKS BEST: 266 00:15:50,533 --> 00:15:54,834 FOCUSING ON THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE SPEAKER RATHER THAN THE 267 00:15:54,834 --> 00:16:00,900 CONTENT ITSELF. 268 00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:04,033 MUCH OF THE CONTENT THE RUSSIAN ACCOUNTS SHARED WAS DISTASTEFUL 269 00:16:04,033 --> 00:16:07,166 BUT WOULD HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED ACCEPTABLE POLITICAL DISCOURSE 270 00:16:07,166 --> 00:16:11,033 IF IT WERE SHARED BY AMERICANS. 271 00:16:11,033 --> 00:16:13,600 THE REAL ISSUE WAS THAT IT WAS POSTED BY FAKE ACCOUNTS 272 00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:19,800 COORDINATING TOGETHER AND PRETENDING TO BE SOMEONE ELSE. 273 00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:22,133 WE'VE SEEN A SIMILAR ISSUE WITH THESE GROUPS THAT PUMP OUT 274 00:16:22,133 --> 00:16:26,433 MISINFORMATION LIKE SPAM JUST TO MAKE MONEY. 275 00:16:26,433 --> 00:16:30,100 THE SOLUTION IS TO VERIFY THE IDENTITIES OF ACCOUNTS GETTING 276 00:16:30,100 --> 00:16:35,266 WIDE DISTRIBUTION AND GET BETTER AT REMOVING FAKE ACCOUNTS. 277 00:16:35,266 --> 00:16:38,433 WE NOW REQUIRE YOU TO PROVIDE A GOVERNMENT I.D. AND PROVE YOUR 278 00:16:38,433 --> 00:16:41,333 LOCATION IF YOU WANT TO RUN POLITICAL ADS OR A LARGE PAGE. 279 00:16:41,333 --> 00:16:46,100 YOU CAN STILL SAY CONTROVERSIAL THINGS, BUT YOU HAVE TO STAND 280 00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:48,300 BEHIND THEM WITH YOUR REAL IDENTITY AND FACE 281 00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:51,200 ACCOUNTABILITY. 282 00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:54,433 OUR AI SYSTEMS HAVE ALSO GOTTEN MORE ADVANCED AT DETECTING 283 00:16:54,433 --> 00:17:00,266 CLUSTERS OF FAKE ACCOUNTS THAT AREN'T BEHAVING LIKE HUMANS. 284 00:17:00,266 --> 00:17:03,600 WE NOW REMOVE BILLIONS OF FAKE ACCOUNTS A YEAR -- MOST WITHIN 285 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:08,967 MINUTES OF REGISTERING AND BEFORE THEY DO MUCH. 286 00:17:08,967 --> 00:17:12,900 FOCUSING ON AUTHENTICITY AND VERIFYING ACCOUNTS IS A MUCH 287 00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:16,200 BETTER SOLUTION THAN AN EVER-EXPANDING DEFINITION OF 288 00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:21,000 WHAT SPEECH IS HARMFUL. 289 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:24,300 ANOTHER QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCE, IS THE INTERNET LETS PEOPLE FORM 290 00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:27,066 COMMUNITIES THAT WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE BEFORE. 291 00:17:27,066 --> 00:17:31,400 THIS IS GOOD, BECAUSE IT HELPS PEOPLE FIND GROUPS WHERE THEY 292 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:34,700 BELONG AND SHARE INTERESTS. 293 00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:40,100 BUT THE FLIP SIDE, IS THIS HAS THE POTENTIAL TO LEAD TO 294 00:17:40,100 --> 00:17:41,667 POLARIZATION. 295 00:17:41,667 --> 00:17:44,467 I CARE A LOT ABOUT THIS -- AFTER ALL, OUR GOAL IS TO BRING PEOPLE 296 00:17:44,467 --> 00:17:47,500 TOGETHER. 297 00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:53,934 MUCH OF THE RESEARCH I'VE SEEN IS MIXED AND SUGGESTS THE 298 00:17:53,934 --> 00:17:57,600 INTERNET COULD ACTUALLY DECREASE ASPECTS OF POLARIZATION. 299 00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,033 THE MOST POLARIZED VOTERS IN THE LAST PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION WERE 300 00:18:01,033 --> 00:18:05,133 THE PEOPLE LEAST LIKELY TO USE THE INTERNET. 301 00:18:05,133 --> 00:18:07,367 RESEARCH FROM THE REUTERS INSTITUTE ALSO SHOWS 302 00:18:07,367 --> 00:18:11,100 PEOPLE WHO GET THEIR NEWS ONLINE ACTUALLY HAVE A MUCH MORE 303 00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:16,934 DIVERSE MEDIA DIET THAN PEOPLE WHO DON'T, AND THEY'RE EXPOSED 304 00:18:16,934 --> 00:18:18,433 TO A BROADER RANGE OF VIEWPOINTS. 305 00:18:18,433 --> 00:18:22,333 THIS IS BECAUSE MOST PEOPLE WATCH ONLY A COUPLE OF CABLE 306 00:18:22,333 --> 00:18:26,433 NEWS STATIONS OR READ ONLY A COUPLE OF NEWSPAPERS, BUT EVEN 307 00:18:26,433 --> 00:18:30,567 IF MOST OF YOUR FRIENDS ONLINE HAVE SIMILAR VIEWS, YOU USUALLY 308 00:18:30,567 --> 00:18:32,066 HAVE SOME THAT ARE DIFFERENT, AND YOU GET EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT 309 00:18:32,066 --> 00:18:35,100 PERSPECTIVES THROUGH THEM. 310 00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:40,934 STILL, WE HAVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN DESIGNING OUR SYSTEMS TO SHOW 311 00:18:40,934 --> 00:18:46,800 A DIVERSITY OF IDEAS AND NOT ENCOURAGE POLARIZING CONTENT. 312 00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:49,867 ONE LAST DIFFERENCE WITH THE INTERNET, IS IT LETS PEOPLE 313 00:18:49,867 --> 00:18:53,934 SHARE THINGS THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSSIBLE BEFORE. 314 00:18:53,934 --> 00:18:56,800 TAKE LIVE-STREAMING, FOR EXAMPLE. 315 00:18:56,800 --> 00:19:00,200 THIS ALLOWS FAMILIES TO BE TOGETHER FOR MOMENTS LIKE 316 00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:05,200 BIRTHDAYS AND EVEN WEDDINGS, SCHOOLTEACHERS TO READ BEDTIME 317 00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:11,367 STORIES TO KIDS WHO MIGHT NOT BE READ TO, AND PEOPLE TO WITNESS 318 00:19:11,367 --> 00:19:14,166 SOME VERY IMPORTANT EVENTS. 319 00:19:14,166 --> 00:19:18,500 BUT WE'VE ALSO SEEN PEOPLE BROADCAST SELF-HARM, SUICIDE, 320 00:19:18,500 --> 00:19:22,533 AND TERRIBLE VIOLENCE. 321 00:19:22,533 --> 00:19:26,400 THESE ARE NEW CHALLENGES, AND OUR RESPONSIBILITY IS TO BUILD 322 00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:30,567 SYSTEMS THAT CAN RESPOND QUICKLY. 323 00:19:30,567 --> 00:19:32,800 WE'RE PARTICULARLY FOCUSED ON WELL-BEING, ESPECIALLY FOR YOUNG 324 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:34,166 PEOPLE. 325 00:19:34,166 --> 00:19:37,133 WE BUILT A TEAM OF THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE, AND AI SYSTEMS THAT CAN 326 00:19:37,133 --> 00:19:39,967 DETECT RISKS OF SELF-HARM WITHIN MINUTES, SO WE CAN REACH OUT 327 00:19:39,967 --> 00:19:43,467 WHEN PEOPLE NEED HELP MOST. 328 00:19:43,467 --> 00:19:46,667 IN THE LAST YEAR, WE'VE HELPED FIRST RESPONDERS REACH PEOPLE 329 00:19:46,667 --> 00:19:52,433 WHO NEEDED HELP THOUSANDS OF TIMES. 330 00:19:52,433 --> 00:19:55,200 FOR EACH OF THESE ISSUES, I BELIEVE WE HAVE TWO 331 00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:58,066 RESPONSIBILITIES: TO REMOVE CONTENT, WHEN IT COULD CAUSE 332 00:19:58,066 --> 00:19:59,300 REAL DANGER AS EFFECTIVELY AS WE CAN, AND TO FIGHT TO UPHOLD AS 333 00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:08,834 WIDE A DEFINITION OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AS POSSIBLE, AND 334 00:20:08,834 --> 00:20:12,233 NOT ALLOW THE DEFINITION OF WHAT IS CONSIDERED DANGEROUS TO 335 00:20:12,233 --> 00:20:15,934 EXPAND BEYOND WHAT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY. 336 00:20:15,934 --> 00:20:20,033 THAT'S WHAT I'M COMMITTED TO. 337 00:20:20,033 --> 00:20:22,233 BUT BEYOND THESE NEW PROPERTIES OF THE INTERNET, THERE ARE ALSO 338 00:20:22,233 --> 00:20:26,500 SHIFTING CULTURAL SENSITIVITIES AND DIVERGING VIEWS ON WHAT 339 00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:29,100 PEOPLE CONSIDER DANGEROUS CONTENT. 340 00:20:29,100 --> 00:20:30,734 TAKE MISINFORMATION. 341 00:20:30,734 --> 00:20:34,567 NO ONE TELLS US THEY WANT TO SEE MISINFORMATION. 342 00:20:34,567 --> 00:20:36,867 THAT'S WHY WE WORK WITH INDEPENDENT FACT CHECKERS TO 343 00:20:36,867 --> 00:20:41,133 STOP HOAXES THAT ARE GOING VIRAL FROM SPREADING. 344 00:20:41,133 --> 00:20:44,133 BUT MISINFORMATION IS A PRETTY BROAD CATEGORY. 345 00:20:44,133 --> 00:20:48,000 A LOT OF PEOPLE LIKE SATIRE, WHICH ISN'T NECESSARILY TRUE. 346 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:50,533 A LOT OF PEOPLE TALK ABOUT THEIR EXPERIENCES THROUGH STORIES THAT 347 00:20:50,533 --> 00:20:54,233 MAY BE EXAGGERATED OR HAVE INACCURACIES, BUT SPEAK TO A 348 00:20:54,233 --> 00:20:58,066 DEEPER TRUTH IN THEIR LIVED EXPERIENCE. 349 00:20:58,066 --> 00:21:01,033 WE NEED TO BE CAREFUL ABOUT RESTRICTING THAT. 350 00:21:01,033 --> 00:21:04,433 EVEN WHEN THERE IS A COMMON SET OF FACTS, DIFFERENT MEDIA 351 00:21:04,433 --> 00:21:07,333 OUTLETS TELL VERY DIFFERENT STORIES EMPHASIZING DIFFERENT 352 00:21:07,333 --> 00:21:12,000 ANGLES. 353 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:13,734 THERE'S A LOT OF NUANCE HERE. 354 00:21:13,734 --> 00:21:18,133 AND WHILE I WORRY ABOUT AN EROSION OF TRUTH, I DON'T THINK 355 00:21:18,133 --> 00:21:21,133 MOST PEOPLE WANT TO LIVE IN A WORLD WHERE YOU CAN ONLY POST 356 00:21:21,133 --> 00:21:26,734 THINGS THAT TECH COMPANIES JUDGE TO BE 100% TRUE. 357 00:21:26,734 --> 00:21:31,233 WE RECENTLY CLARIFIED OUR POLICIES TO ENSURE PEOPLE CAN 358 00:21:31,233 --> 00:21:34,200 SEE PRIMARY SOURCE SPEECH FROM POLITICAL FIGURES THAT SHAPES 359 00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:37,100 CIVIC DISCOURSE. 360 00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:39,500 POLITICAL ADVERTISING IS MORE TRANSPARENT ON FACEBOOK THAN 361 00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:40,600 ANYWHERE ELSE. 362 00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:43,867 WE KEEP ALL POLITICAL AND ISSUE ADS IN AN ARCHIVE SO EVERYONE 363 00:21:43,867 --> 00:21:49,300 CAN SCRUTINIZE THEM, AND NO TV OR PRINT DOES THAT. 364 00:21:49,300 --> 00:21:54,467 WE DON'T FACT-CHECK POLITICAL ADS, BECAUSE WE THINK PEOPLE 365 00:21:54,467 --> 00:21:57,867 SHOULD BE ABLE TO SEE FOR THEMSELVES WHAT POLITICIANS ARE 366 00:21:57,867 --> 00:22:00,400 SAYING. 367 00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:04,200 AND IF CONTENT IS NEWSWORTHY, WE ALSO WON'T TAKE IT DOWN EVEN IF 368 00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:08,100 IT WOULD OTHERWISE CONFLICT WITH MANY OF OUR STANDARDS. 369 00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:11,734 I KNOW MANY PEOPLE DISAGREE, BUT, IN GENERAL, I DON'T THINK 370 00:22:11,734 --> 00:22:15,700 IT'S RIGHT FOR A PRIVATE COMPANY TO CENSOR POLITICIANS OR THE 371 00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:19,700 NEWS IN A DEMOCRACY. 372 00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:21,500 AND WE'RE NOT AN OUTLIER HERE. 373 00:22:21,500 --> 00:22:24,000 THE OTHER MAJOR INTERNET PLATFORMS AND THE VAST MAJORITY 374 00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:28,433 OF MEDIA ALSO RUN THESE SAME ADS. 375 00:22:28,433 --> 00:22:31,166 AMERICAN TRADITION ALSO HAS SOME PRECEDENT HERE. 376 00:22:31,166 --> 00:22:33,967 THE SUPREME COURT CASE I MENTIONED EARLIER THAT GAVE US 377 00:22:33,967 --> 00:22:36,400 OUR CURRENT BROAD SPEECH RIGHTS, "NEW YORK TIMES" VS SULLIVAN, 378 00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:41,266 WAS ACTUALLY ABOUT AN AD WITH MISINFORMATION, SUPPORTING 379 00:22:41,266 --> 00:22:42,900 MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. 380 00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:45,967 AND CRITICIZING AN ALABAMA POLICE DEPARTMENT. 381 00:22:45,967 --> 00:22:50,100 THE POLICE COMMISSIONER SUED THE TIMES FOR RUNNING THE AD, THE 382 00:22:50,100 --> 00:22:52,100 JURY IN ALABAMA FOUND AGAINST THE TIMES, AND THE SUPREME COURT 383 00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:54,400 UNANIMOUSLY REVERSED THE DECISION, CREATING TODAY'S 384 00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:58,500 SPEECH STANDARD. 385 00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:01,800 AS A PRINCIPLE, IN A DEMOCRACY, I BELIEVE PEOPLE SHOULD DECIDE 386 00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:07,233 WHAT IS CREDIBLE, NOT TECH COMPANIES. 387 00:23:07,233 --> 00:23:09,700 OF COURSE, THERE ARE EXCEPTIONS, AND EVEN FOR POLITICIANS WE 388 00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:13,367 DON'T ALLOW CONTENT THAT INCITES VIOLENCE OR RISKS IMMINENT HARM 389 00:23:13,367 --> 00:23:15,600 -- AND OF COURSE WE DON'T ALLOW VOTER SUPPRESSION. 390 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,367 VOTING IS VOICE. 391 00:23:18,367 --> 00:23:20,800 FIGHTING VOTER SUPPRESSION MAY BE AS IMPORTANT FOR THE CIVIL 392 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:24,100 RIGHTS MOVEMENT AS FREE EXPRESSION HAS BEEN. 393 00:23:24,100 --> 00:23:28,667 JUST AS WE'RE INSPIRED BY THE FIRST AMENDMENT, WE'RE INSPIRED 394 00:23:28,667 --> 00:23:32,300 BY THE 15TH AMENDMENT TOO. 395 00:23:32,300 --> 00:23:37,033 GIVEN THE SENSITIVITY AROUND POLITICAL ADS, I'VE CONSIDERED 396 00:23:37,033 --> 00:23:40,967 WHETHER WE SHOULD STOP ALLOWING THEM ALTOGETHER. 397 00:23:40,967 --> 00:23:44,300 FROM A BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE, THE CONTROVERSY CERTAINLY ISN'T 398 00:23:44,300 --> 00:23:48,233 WORTH THE SMALL PART OF OUR BUSINESS THEY MAKE UP. 399 00:23:48,233 --> 00:23:52,834 BUT POLITICAL ADS ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF VOICE -- 400 00:23:52,834 --> 00:23:56,333 ESPECIALLY FOR LOCAL CANDIDATES, UP-AND-COMING CHALLENGERS, AND 401 00:23:56,333 --> 00:24:03,033 ADVOCACY GROUPS THAT MAY NOT GET MUCH MEDIA ATTENTION OTHERWISE. 402 00:24:03,033 --> 00:24:06,934 BANNING POLITICAL ADS FAVORS INCUMBENTS AND WHOEVER THE MEDIA 403 00:24:06,934 --> 00:24:12,033 COVERS. 404 00:24:12,033 --> 00:24:13,934 EVEN IF WE WANTED TO BAN POLITICAL ADS, IT'S NOT CLEAR 405 00:24:13,934 --> 00:24:17,300 WHERE WE'D DRAW THE LINE. 406 00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:19,867 THERE ARE MANY MORE ADS ABOUT ISSUES THAN THERE ARE DIRECTLY 407 00:24:19,867 --> 00:24:21,700 ABOUT ELECTIONS. 408 00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:24,367 WOULD WE BAN ALL ADS ABOUT HEALTHCARE OR IMMIGRATION OR 409 00:24:24,367 --> 00:24:27,000 WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT? 410 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:32,800 IF WE BANNED CANDIDATES' ADS BUT NOT THESE, WOULD THAT REALLY 411 00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:34,333 MAKE SENSE TO GIVE EVERYONE ELSE A VOICE IN POLITICAL DEBATES 412 00:24:34,333 --> 00:24:36,800 EXCEPT THE CANDIDATES THEMSELVES? 413 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:41,667 THERE ARE ISSUES ANY WAY YOU CUT AND IT'S IMPORTANT TO 414 00:24:41,667 --> 00:24:46,900 RECOGNIZE THAT THE SAME PEOPLE CALLING TO REMOVE MORE CONTENT 415 00:24:46,900 --> 00:24:49,800 ARE OFTEN THE FIRST TO COMPLAIN WHEN IT'S THEIR CONTENT THAT 416 00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:53,133 FALLS ON THE WRONG SIDE OF A POLICY. 417 00:24:53,133 --> 00:24:54,300 AND WHEN IT'S NOT ABSOLUTELY CLEAR WHAT TO DO, I BELIEVE WE 418 00:24:54,300 --> 00:24:55,266 SHOULD ERR ON THE SIDE OF GREATER EXPRESSION. 419 00:24:55,266 --> 00:24:56,433 OR TAKE HATE SPEECH, WHICH WE DEFINE AS SOMEONE DIRECTLY 420 00:24:56,433 --> 00:24:58,934 ATTACKING A PERSON OR GROUP BASED ON A CHARACTERISTIC LIKE 421 00:24:58,934 --> 00:24:59,767 RACE, GENDER, OR RELIGION. 422 00:24:59,767 --> 00:25:02,533 WE TAKE DOWN CONTENT THAT COULD LEAD TO REAL WORLD VIOLENCE. 423 00:25:02,533 --> 00:25:06,100 IN COUNTRIES AT RISK OF CONFLICT, THAT INCLUDES ANYTHING 424 00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:10,900 THAT COULD LEAD TO IMMINENT VIOLENCE OR GENOCIDE. 425 00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:14,400 AND WE KNOW FROM HISTORY THAT DEHUMANIZING PEOPLE IS THE FIRST 426 00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:20,200 STEP TOWARDS INCITING VIOLENCE. 427 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:23,066 IF YOU SAY IMMIGRANTS ARE VERMIN, OR ALL MUSLIMS ARE 428 00:25:23,066 --> 00:25:26,500 TERRORISTS, OR WHITE PEOPLE ARE TRASH -- THAT MAKES OTHERS FEEL 429 00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:29,166 THEY CAN ESCALATE AND ATTACK THAT GROUP WITHOUT CONSEQUENCES. 430 00:25:29,166 --> 00:25:31,500 SO WE DON'T ALLOW THAT. 431 00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:34,100 I TAKE THIS INCREDIBLY SERIOUSLY, AND WE WORK HARD TO 432 00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:38,734 GET THIS OFF OUR PLATFORM. 433 00:25:38,734 --> 00:25:41,700 AMERICAN FREE SPEECH TRADITION RECOGNIZES THAT SOME SPEECH CAN 434 00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:47,500 HAVE THE EFFECT OF RESTRICTING OTHERS' RIGHT TO SPEAK. 435 00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:49,633 WHILE AMERICAN LAW DOESN'T RECOGNIZE "HATE SPEECH" AS A 436 00:25:49,633 --> 00:25:53,133 CATEGORY, IT DOES PROHIBIT RACIAL HARASSMENT AND SEXUAL 437 00:25:53,133 --> 00:25:55,066 HARASSMENT. 438 00:25:55,066 --> 00:25:58,000 WE STILL HAVE A STRONG CULTURE OF FREE EXPRESSION EVEN WHILE 439 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,767 OUR LAWS PROHIBIT DISCRIMINATION. 440 00:26:01,767 --> 00:26:04,333 BUT STILL, PEOPLE HAVE BROAD DISAGREEMENTS OVER WHAT 441 00:26:04,333 --> 00:26:08,867 QUALIFIES AS HATE AND SHOULDN'T BE ALLOWED. 442 00:26:08,867 --> 00:26:11,900 SOME PEOPLE THINK OUR POLICIES DON'T PROHIBIT CONTENT THEY 443 00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:15,367 THINK QUALIFIES AS HATE, WHILE OTHERS THINK WHAT WE TAKE DOWN 444 00:26:15,367 --> 00:26:18,867 SHOULD BE A PROTECTED FORM OF EXPRESSION. 445 00:26:18,867 --> 00:26:24,767 THIS AREA IS ONE OF THE HARDEST TO GET RIGHT. 446 00:26:24,767 --> 00:26:27,600 I BELIEVE PEOPLE SHOULD BE ABLE TO USE OUR SERVICES TO DISCUSS 447 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:31,200 ISSUES THEY FEEL STRONGLY ABOUT -- FROM RELIGION AND IMMIGRATION 448 00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:33,367 TO FOREIGN POLICY AND CRIME. 449 00:26:33,367 --> 00:26:35,533 YOU SHOULD EVEN BE ABLE TO BE CRITICAL OF GROUPS WITHOUT 450 00:26:35,533 --> 00:26:37,700 DEHUMANIZING THEM. 451 00:26:37,700 --> 00:26:41,266 BUT EVEN THIS ISN'T ALWAYS STRAIGHTFORWARD TO JUDGE AT 452 00:26:41,266 --> 00:26:48,000 SCALE, AND IT OFTEN LEADS TO ENFORCEMENT MISTAKES. 453 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:51,300 IS SOMEONE RE-POSTING A VIDEO OF A RACIST ATTACK BECAUSE THEY'RE 454 00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:57,400 CONDEMNING IT, OR GLORIFYING AND ENCOURAGING PEOPLE TO COPY IT? 455 00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:02,533 ARE THEY USING NORMAL SLANG, OR USING AN INNOCENT WORD IN A NEW 456 00:27:02,533 --> 00:27:08,300 WAY TO INCITE VIOLENCE? 457 00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:11,500 NOW MULTIPLY THOSE LINGUISTIC CHALLENGES BY MORE THAN 100 458 00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:16,133 LANGUAGES AROUND THE WORLD. 459 00:27:16,133 --> 00:27:19,100 RULES ABOUT WHAT YOU CAN AND CAN'T SAY OFTEN HAVE UNINTENDED 460 00:27:19,100 --> 00:27:22,166 CONSEQUENCES. 461 00:27:22,166 --> 00:27:24,667 WHEN SPEECH RESTRICTIONS WERE IMPLEMENTED IN THE UK IN THE 462 00:27:24,667 --> 00:27:28,467 LAST CENTURY, PARLIAMENT NOTED THEY WERE APPLIED MORE HEAVILY 463 00:27:28,467 --> 00:27:30,967 TO CITIZENS FROM POORER BACKGROUNDS BECAUSE THE WAY THEY 464 00:27:30,967 --> 00:27:36,367 EXPRESSED THINGS DIDN'T MATCH THE ELITE OXBRIDGE STYLE. 465 00:27:36,367 --> 00:27:40,066 IN EVERYTHING WE DO, WE NEED TO MAKE SURE WE'RE EMPOWERING 466 00:27:40,066 --> 00:27:44,700 PEOPLE, NOT SIMPLY REINFORCING EXISTING INSTITUTIONS AND POWER 467 00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:47,700 STRUCTURES. 468 00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:50,667 THAT BRINGS US BACK TO THE CROSS-ROADS WE ALL FIND 469 00:27:50,667 --> 00:27:53,767 OURSELVES AT TODAY. 470 00:27:53,767 --> 00:27:56,233 WILL WE CONTINUE FIGHTING TO GIVE MORE PEOPLE A VOICE TO BE 471 00:27:56,233 --> 00:28:02,266 HEARD, OR WILL WE PULL BACK FROM FREE EXPRESSION? 472 00:28:02,266 --> 00:28:07,600 I SEE THREE MAJOR THREATS AHEAD: THE FIRST IS LEGAL. 473 00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:11,667 WE'RE INCREASINGLY SEEING LAWS AND REGULATIONS AROUND THE WORLD 474 00:28:11,667 --> 00:28:15,166 THAT UNDERMINE FREE EXPRESSION AND PEOPLE'S HUMAN RIGHTS. 475 00:28:15,166 --> 00:28:17,900 THESE LOCAL LAWS ARE EACH INDIVIDUALLY TROUBLING, 476 00:28:17,900 --> 00:28:19,900 ESPECIALLY WHEN THEY SHUT DOWN SPEECH IN PLACES WHERE THERE 477 00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:23,333 ISN'T DEMOCRACY OR FREEDOM OF THE PRESS. 478 00:28:23,333 --> 00:28:26,133 BUT IT'S EVEN WORSE WHEN COUNTRIES TRY TO IMPOSE THEIR 479 00:28:26,133 --> 00:28:32,367 SPEECH RESTRICTIONS ON THE REST OF THE WORLD, 480 00:28:32,367 --> 00:28:34,734 THIS RAISES A LARGER QUESTION ABOUT THE FUTURE OF THE GLOBAL 481 00:28:34,734 --> 00:28:37,100 INTERNET. 482 00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:39,734 CHINA IS BUILDING ITS OWN INTERNET FOCUSED ON VERY 483 00:28:39,734 --> 00:28:43,133 DIFFERENT VALUES, AND IS NOW EXPORTING THEIR VISION OF THE 484 00:28:43,133 --> 00:28:45,734 INTERNET TO OTHER COUNTRIES. 485 00:28:45,734 --> 00:28:48,567 UNTIL RECENTLY, THE INTERNET IN ALMOST EVERY COUNTRY OUTSIDE 486 00:28:48,567 --> 00:28:51,700 CHINA HAS BEEN DEFINED BY AMERICAN PLATFORMS WITH STRONG 487 00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:54,567 FREE EXPRESSION VALUES. 488 00:28:54,567 --> 00:28:59,133 THERE'S NO GUARANTEE THESE VALUES WILL WIN OUT. 489 00:28:59,133 --> 00:29:02,767 A DECADE AGO, THE TOP 10 INTERNET COMPANIES GLOBALLY WERE 490 00:29:02,767 --> 00:29:03,667 ALL AMERICAN. 491 00:29:03,667 --> 00:29:08,633 TODAY, 6 OF THE TOP 10 ARE CHINESE. 492 00:29:08,633 --> 00:29:12,233 WE'RE BEGINNING TO SEE THIS IN SOCIAL MEDIA. 493 00:29:12,233 --> 00:29:15,567 WHILE OUR SERVICES, LIKE WHATSAPP, ARE USED BY PROTESTERS 494 00:29:15,567 --> 00:29:19,367 AND ACTIVISTS EVERYWHERE DUE TO STRONG ENCRYPTION AND PRIVACY 495 00:29:19,367 --> 00:29:22,533 PROTECTIONS, ON TIKTOK, THE CHINESE APP GROWING QUICKLY 496 00:29:22,533 --> 00:29:26,300 AROUND THE WORLD, MENTIONS OF THESE PROTESTS ARE CENSORED, 497 00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:30,133 EVEN IN THE US. 498 00:29:30,133 --> 00:29:33,734 IS THAT THE INTERNET WE WANT? 499 00:29:33,734 --> 00:29:36,900 IT'S ONE OF THE REASONS WE DON'T OPERATE FACEBOOK, INSTAGRAM, OR 500 00:29:36,900 --> 00:29:41,166 OUR OTHER SERVICES IN CHINA. 501 00:29:41,166 --> 00:29:43,800 I WANTED OUR SERVICES IN CHINA BECAUSE I BELIEVE IN CONNECTING 502 00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:46,900 THE WHOLE WORLD AND I THOUGHT WE MIGHT HELP CREATE A MORE OPEN 503 00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:48,700 SOCIETY. 504 00:29:48,700 --> 00:29:51,300 I WORKED HARD TO MAKE THIS HAPPEN. 505 00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:53,500 BUT WE COULD NEVER COME TO AGREEMENT ON WHAT IT WOULD TAKE 506 00:29:53,500 --> 00:29:57,367 FOR US TO OPERATE THERE, AND THEY NEVER LET US IN. 507 00:29:57,367 --> 00:30:02,100 AND NOW WE HAVE MORE FREEDOM TO STAND UP FOR THE VALUES WE 508 00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:06,967 BELIEVE IN AND FIGHT FOR FREE EXPRESSION AROUND THE WORLD. 509 00:30:06,967 --> 00:30:10,367 THIS QUESTION OF WHICH NATION'S VALUES WILL DETERMINE WHAT 510 00:30:10,367 --> 00:30:13,433 SPEECH IS ALLOWED FOR DECADES TO COME REALLY PUTS INTO 511 00:30:13,433 --> 00:30:18,967 PERSPECTIVE OUR DEBATES ABOUT THE CONTENT ISSUES OF THE DAY. 512 00:30:18,967 --> 00:30:22,100 WHILE WE MAY DISAGREE ON EXACTLY WHERE TO DRAW THE LINE ON 513 00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:24,834 SPECIFIC ISSUES, WE'RE AT LEAST DEBATING FROM COMMON VALUES. 514 00:30:24,834 --> 00:30:32,000 THAT'S WHAT FREE EXPRESSION IS. 515 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,934 THE FACT THAT WE CAN EVEN HAVE THIS CONVERSATION, IT MEANS THAT 516 00:30:35,934 --> 00:30:42,800 WE ARE DEBATING FROM SOME COMMON VALUES. 517 00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:44,600 IF ANOTHER NATION'S PLATFORMS SET THE RULES, EXPRESSION WILL 518 00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:48,166 BE DEFINED BY A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SET OF VALUES. 519 00:30:48,166 --> 00:30:52,400 TO PUSH BACK AGAINST THIS, AS WE ALL WORK TO DEFINE INTERNET 520 00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:58,300 POLICY AND REGULATION TO ADDRESS PUBLIC SAFETY, WE SHOULD ALSO BE 521 00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:02,900 PROACTIVE AND WRITE POLICY THAT HELPS THE VALUES OF VOICE AND 522 00:31:02,900 --> 00:31:08,367 EXPRESSION TRIUMPH AROUND THE WORLD. 523 00:31:08,367 --> 00:31:11,000 THE SECOND CHALLENGE TO EXPRESSION IS THE PLATFORMS 524 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,567 THEMSELVES -- INCLUDING US. 525 00:31:13,567 --> 00:31:16,967 BECAUSE THE REALITY IS WE MAKE A LOT OF DECISIONS THAT AFFECT 526 00:31:16,967 --> 00:31:21,166 PEOPLE'S ABILITY TO SPEAK. 527 00:31:21,166 --> 00:31:24,233 I'M COMMITTED TO THE VALUES WE'RE DISCUSSING TODAY, BUT WE 528 00:31:24,233 --> 00:31:27,633 WON'T ALWAYS GET IT RIGHT. 529 00:31:27,633 --> 00:31:31,900 I UNDERSTAND PEOPLE ARE CONCERNED THAT WE HAVE SO MUCH 530 00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:35,967 CONTROL OVER HOW THEY COMMUNICATE ON OUR SERVICES. 531 00:31:35,967 --> 00:31:38,500 AND I UNDERSTAND PEOPLE ARE CONCERNED ABOUT BIAS AND MAKING 532 00:31:38,500 --> 00:31:42,033 SURE THEIR IDEAS ARE TREATED FAIRLY. 533 00:31:42,033 --> 00:31:45,066 FRANKLY, I DON'T THINK WE SHOULD BE MAKING SO MANY IMPORTANT 534 00:31:45,066 --> 00:31:48,200 DECISIONS ABOUT SPEECH ON OUR OWN EITHER. 535 00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:50,300 WE'D BENEFIT FROM A MORE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS AND NEW 536 00:31:50,300 --> 00:31:56,700 INSTITUTIONS. 537 00:31:56,700 --> 00:32:00,767 THAT'S WHY WE'RE ESTABLISHING AN INDEPENDENT OVERSIGHT BOARD FOR 538 00:32:00,767 --> 00:32:04,600 PEOPLE TO APPEAL OUR CONTENT DECISIONS. 539 00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:08,333 THE BOARD WILL HAVE THE POWER TO MAKE FINAL BINDING DECISIONS 540 00:32:08,333 --> 00:32:12,900 ABOUT WHETHER CONTENT STAYS UP OR COMES DOWN ON OUR SERVICES -- 541 00:32:12,900 --> 00:32:18,333 DECISIONS THAT OUR TEAM AND I CAN'T OVERTURN. 542 00:32:18,333 --> 00:32:20,767 WE'RE GOING TO APPOINT MEMBERS TO THIS BOARD WHO HAVE A 543 00:32:20,767 --> 00:32:24,567 DIVERSITY OF VIEWS AND BACKGROUNDS, BUT WHO EACH HOLD 544 00:32:24,567 --> 00:32:31,266 FREE EXPRESSION AS THEIR PARAMOUNT VALUE. 545 00:32:31,266 --> 00:32:34,433 BUILDING THIS INSTITUTION IS IMPORTANT TO ME PERSONALLY 546 00:32:34,433 --> 00:32:38,433 BECAUSE I'M NOT ALWAYS GOING TO BE HERE, AND I WANT TO ENSURE 547 00:32:38,433 --> 00:32:44,300 THE VALUES OF VOICE AND FREE EXPRESSION ARE ENSHRINED DEEPLY 548 00:32:44,300 --> 00:32:49,467 INTO HOW THIS COMPANY IS GOVERNED. 549 00:32:49,467 --> 00:32:52,533 THE THIRD CHALLENGE TO EXPRESSION IS THE HARDEST 550 00:32:52,533 --> 00:32:56,667 BECAUSE IT COMES FROM OUR CULTURE. 551 00:32:56,667 --> 00:33:00,500 WE'RE AT A MOMENT OF PARTICULAR TENSION HERE AND AROUND THE 552 00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:02,767 WORLD -- AND WE'RE SEEING THE IMPULSE TO RESTRICT SPEECH AND 553 00:33:02,767 --> 00:33:08,000 ENFORCE NEW NORMS AROUND WHAT PEOPLE CAN SAY. 554 00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:12,166 INCREASINGLY, WE'RE SEEING PEOPLE TRY TO DEFINE MORE SPEECH 555 00:33:12,166 --> 00:33:14,834 AS DANGEROUS BECAUSE IT MAY LEAD TO POLITICAL OUTCOMES THEY SEE 556 00:33:14,834 --> 00:33:18,767 AS UNACCEPTABLE. 557 00:33:18,767 --> 00:33:22,767 SOME HOLD THE VIEW THAT SINCE THE STAKES ARE SO HIGH, THEY CAN 558 00:33:22,767 --> 00:33:25,066 NO LONGER TRUST THEIR FELLOW CITIZENS WITH THE POWER TO 559 00:33:25,066 --> 00:33:30,867 COMMUNICATE AND DECIDE WHAT TO BELIEVE FOR THEMSELVES. 560 00:33:30,867 --> 00:33:33,900 I PERSONALLY BELIEVE THIS IS MORE DANGEROUS FOR DEMOCRACY 561 00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:37,967 OVER THE LONG TERM THAN ALMOST ANY SPEECH. 562 00:33:37,967 --> 00:33:41,367 DEMOCRACY DEPENDS ON THE IDEA THAT WE HOLD EACH OTHERS' RIGHT 563 00:33:41,367 --> 00:33:45,300 TO EXPRESS OURSELVES AND BE HEARD ABOVE OUR OWN DESIRE TO 564 00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:48,800 ALWAYS GET THE OUTCOMES WE WANT. 565 00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:54,000 YOU CAN'T IMPOSE TOLERANCE TOP-DOWN. 566 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:58,600 IT HAS TO COME FROM PEOPLE OPENING UP, SHARING EXPERIENCES, 567 00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,166 AND DEVELOPING A SHARED STORY FOR SOCIETY THAT WE ALL FEEL 568 00:34:02,166 --> 00:34:04,433 WE'RE A PART OF. 569 00:34:04,433 --> 00:34:07,934 THAT'S HOW WE MAKE PROGRESS TOGETHER. 570 00:34:07,934 --> 00:34:10,200 SO HOW DO WE TURN THE TIDE? 571 00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:14,266 SOMEONE ONCE TOLD ME OUR FOUNDING FATHERS THOUGHT FREE 572 00:34:14,266 --> 00:34:16,767 EXPRESSION WAS LIKE AIR. 573 00:34:16,767 --> 00:34:19,800 YOU DON'T MISS IT UNTIL IT'S GONE. 574 00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:21,700 WHEN PEOPLE DON'T FEEL THEY CAN EXPRESS THEMSELVES, THEY LOSE 575 00:34:21,700 --> 00:34:25,100 FAITH IN DEMOCRACY AND THEY'RE MORE LIKELY TO SUPPORT POPULIST 576 00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:28,367 PARTIES THAT PRIORITIZE SPECIFIC POLICY GOALS OVER THE HEALTH OF 577 00:34:28,367 --> 00:34:33,200 OUR DEMOCRATIC NORMS. 578 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:35,567 I'M A LITTLE MORE OPTIMISTIC. 579 00:34:35,567 --> 00:34:37,800 I DON'T THINK WE NEED TO LOSE OUR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION TO 580 00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:40,200 REALIZE HOW IMPORTANT IT IS. 581 00:34:40,200 --> 00:34:43,633 I THINK PEOPLE UNDERSTAND AND APPRECIATE THE VOICE THEY HAVE 582 00:34:43,633 --> 00:34:44,967 NOW. 583 00:34:44,967 --> 00:34:48,100 AT SOME FUNDAMENTAL LEVEL, I THINK MOST PEOPLE BELIEVE IN 584 00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:51,367 THEIR FELLOW PEOPLE TOO. 585 00:34:51,367 --> 00:34:53,934 AS LONG AS OUR GOVERNMENTS RESPECT PEOPLE'S RIGHT TO 586 00:34:53,934 --> 00:34:56,734 EXPRESS THEMSELVES, AS LONG AS OUR PLATFORMS LIVE UP TO THEIR 587 00:34:56,734 --> 00:35:00,900 RESPONSIBILITIES TO SUPPORT EXPRESSION AND PREVENT HARM, AND 588 00:35:00,900 --> 00:35:03,700 AS LONG AS WE ALL COMMIT TO BEING OPEN AND MAKING SPACE FOR 589 00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:08,200 MORE PERSPECTIVES, I THINK WE'LL MAKE PROGRESS. 590 00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:13,767 IT'LL TAKE TIME, BUT WE'LL WORK THROUGH THIS MOMENT. 591 00:35:13,767 --> 00:35:18,367 WE OVERCAME DEEP POLARIZATION AFTER WORLD WAR I, AND INTENSE 592 00:35:18,367 --> 00:35:22,166 POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN THE 1960s. 593 00:35:22,166 --> 00:35:24,000 PROGRESS ISN'T LINEAR. 594 00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,900 SOMETIMES WE TAKE TWO STEPS FORWARD AND ONE STEP BACK. 595 00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:30,433 BUT IF WE CAN'T AGREE TO LET EACH OTHER TALK ABOUT THE 596 00:35:30,433 --> 00:35:35,333 ISSUES, WE CAN'T TAKE THE FIRST STEP. 597 00:35:35,333 --> 00:35:40,667 EVEN WHEN IT'S HARD, THIS IS HOW WE BUILD A SHARED UNDERSTANDING. 598 00:35:40,667 --> 00:35:44,000 SO YES, WE HAVE BIG DISAGREEMENTS. 599 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:47,166 MAYBE MORE NOW THAN AT ANY TIME IN RECENT HISTORY. 600 00:35:47,166 --> 00:35:49,400 BUT PART OF THAT IS BECAUSE WE'RE GETTING OUR ISSUES OUT ON 601 00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:54,166 THE TABLE -- ISSUES THAT FOR A LONG TIME WEREN'T TALKED ABOUT. 602 00:35:54,166 --> 00:35:57,467 MORE PEOPLE FROM MORE PARTS OF OUR SOCIETY HAVE A VOICE THAN 603 00:35:57,467 --> 00:36:01,166 EVER BEFORE, AND IT WILL TAKE TIME TO HEAR THESE VOICES AND 604 00:36:01,166 --> 00:36:05,100 KNIT THEM TOGETHER INTO A COHERENT NARRATIVE. 605 00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:09,100 SOMETIMES WE HOPE FOR A SINGULAR EVENT TO RESOLVE THESE 606 00:36:09,100 --> 00:36:13,467 CONFLICTS, BUT THAT'S NEVER BEEN HOW IT WORKS. 607 00:36:13,467 --> 00:36:15,867 WE FOCUS ON THE MAJOR INSTITUTIONS -- FROM GOVERNMENTS 608 00:36:15,867 --> 00:36:20,033 TO LARGE COMPANIES -- BUT THE BIGGER STORY HAS ALWAYS BEEN 609 00:36:20,033 --> 00:36:23,900 REGULAR PEOPLE USING THEIR VOICE TO TAKE BILLIONS OF INDIVIDUAL 610 00:36:23,900 --> 00:36:31,033 STEPS FORWARD TO MAKE OUR LIVES AND OUR COMMUNITIES BETTER. 611 00:36:31,033 --> 00:36:34,367 THE FUTURE DEPENDS ON ALL OF US. 612 00:36:34,367 --> 00:36:38,166 WHETHER YOU LIKE FACEBOOK OR NOT, WE NEED TO RECOGNIZE WHAT 613 00:36:38,166 --> 00:36:44,800 IS AT STAKE AND COME TOGETHER TO STAND FOR FREE EXPRESSION AT 614 00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:48,300 THIS CRITICAL MOMENT. 615 00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:51,800 I BELIEVE IN GIVING PEOPLE A VOICE BECAUSE, AT THE END OF THE 616 00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:56,000 DAY, I BELIEVE IN PEOPLE. 617 00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:58,967 AND AS LONG AS ENOUGH OF US KEEP FIGHTING FOR THIS, I BELIEVE 618 00:36:58,967 --> 00:37:01,734 THAT MORE PEOPLE'S VOICES WILL EVENTUALLY HELP US WORK THROUGH 619 00:37:01,734 --> 00:37:05,467 THESE ISSUES TOGETHER AND WRITE A NEW CHAPTER IN OUR HISTORY -- 620 00:37:05,467 --> 00:37:09,200 WHERE FROM ALL OF OUR INDIVIDUAL VOICES AND PERSPECTIVES, WE CAN 621 00:37:09,200 --> 00:37:09,834 BRING THE WORLD CLOSER TOGETHER. 622 00:37:09,834 --> 00:37:14,200 THANK YOU.